Odlomak

1.0. INTRODUCTION
Climate of Serbia can be described as a temperate continental. Serbia is located on the land mass of the Balkan peninsula which is surrounded by warm seas (Adriatic, Aegean and Black) while in the north abuts on the European continent (Fig.1). Spatial distribution of climate parameters is influenced by the geographic location, relief and its combination, the large – scale distribution of air pressure, field exposure, the presence of river systems, vegetation, urbanization, etc.

Figure 1. Serbia – location at the European continent (Source: http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/rseu.gif)
From the geographical scope which characterized essential synoptic situations important for weather and climate in Serbia it should be mentioned: Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Genoa, the Pannonia plain, the valley of the Morava, the Carpathian and Rhodope Mountains as well as hilly mountainous region, with its valleys and plateaus.
Meridional position which prevailing are river valleys and plains in the north of the country, which allows deep penetration of polar air masses to the south. Roughly we can say that in the Serbia prevailing continental climate in the north, temperate in the south, and the mountain climate in the high mountains. Winter in Serbia is short, cold and snowy. The coldest month is January. Surface air circulation is largely determined by topography. In the warmer part of the year, prevailing winds are from the northwest and west. In the mountainous areas in the southwest of Serbia prevailing winds from the southwest. During the colder part of the year east and southeast wind – košava. Košava is a cold, very squally southeastern wind found in Serbia and some nearby countries. It starts in the Carpathian Mountains and follows the Danube northwest through the Iron Gate region where it gains a jet effect, then continues to Belgrade. It can spread as far north as Hungary and as far south as Niš (American Meteorological Society, 2000).
Sum of annual precipitation are increasing with altitude. In the lower regions annual precipitation height have ranges in the interval from 540 to 820 mm. The areas with an altitude of over 1000 m with an average of 700 to 1000 mm of rainfall, while some mountain peaks in southwestern Serbia rainfall up to 1500 mm. Greater part of Serbia has continental regime of rainfall, with larger quantities in the warmer half of the year, except from southwestern areas which have the most rainfall in autumn. June is the rainiest month, with an average of 12 to 13% of the total annual precipitation of rainfall. Months with minimum rainfalls are February and October. The occurrence of snow is characteristic for the colder part of the year (from November to March), and January has the highest number of days with snow. The annual number of sunshine hours is ranged from 1500 to 2200 hours.

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