DIPLOMARBEIT / DIPLOMA THESIS
Titel der Diplomarbeit / Titel of the Diploma Thesis
Endemic plants of serbia
verfasst von / submitted by
angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of
Magister der Pharmazie (Mag.pharm.)
Wien, 2018 / Vienna, 2018
Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt /
degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet:
Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / degree
programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Gleichwertigkeit Pharmazie
Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ. Prof. Mag. Pharm. Dr. Gerhard Buchbauer
1. Introduction
Serbia is characterized by a variety of natural conditions (climate, relief, orographic factors, water
resources) and richness of habitat, which enabled the survival of a large number of plant and animal
species of different origins, lifestyles and distribution. So far, 3662 taxa have been established in
the flora of Serbia, which is classified as a group of European countries with rich floristic diversity.
Each plant species occupies one particular area on the Earth that represents its area. Considering
the size of the region, we distinguish: cosmopolitan species (cosmopolite) and endemic species
(endemic). Endemic is the occurrence of a limited distribution of organisms in a particular, often
small, territory or aquatorium.
Endemic can be species (the most common use of terms) or any other taxonomic category. An
endemic taxon is called an endemic (Jankovic, 1973). All areas that are characterized by the high
presence of endemic species in relation to the surface of the habitat are referred to as centers of
endemism. If the constraint of an arsenal of one species is due to the reduction of an older, wider
area, then it is relict or conservative endemism, on the contrary, if the restriction of the acacia is a
consequence of the youth of a species that is only spreading on a larger surface then it is a
progressive endemism.
The largest number of endemic species in Serbia is found on high mountains: Kopaonik, Tara,
Sharr Mountains, cliffs, canyons and mountainous regions in the south of our country. There is also
an edaphic endemism, which refers to certain geological substrates such as serpentine. Serpentine
habitats are present in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija as well as parts of Western and Central
Serbia. The causes of endemism are numerous, although geographical isolation is the most
important place in the sense that there is a mechanical barrier to the spread of the area beyond
current border. Ecological isolation is often caused by the complete replacement of favorable
habitats unfavorable for the survival of the endemic taxon. The genetic basis of endemism is in: the
lack of gene flow between related populations separated by barriers, the accumulation of
mutations, and the possibility of genetic drift (Jankovic, 1973). Endemics can be divided according
to the size of the area to:
1. Stenoendemites - taxa whose distribution is limited to very small spaces;
2. Local endemics - limited to only a few hectares;
3. Subendems - limited to several adjacent geographical units;
4. Pseudoendemites
Local endemics are species whose distribution is limited in the territory of Serbia and are very
important for the preservation of genofunds and biodiversity. Local endemics are mainly
represented by relict species of tertiary age, which gives even greater floral and biological
significance in preserving biodiversity. In Serbia, there are 59 determined local endemics. There
are also those whose inhabitants occupy parts of the territory of Montenegro or are on the border
with neighboring countries. Within the local endemic, subgroup of stenoendemite is distinguished.
These are plants that grow on the territory of our country, but on a very small number of sites.
A larger number of those endemic species in the flora of Serbia are widespread in the neighboring
countries of the Balkans, which have their northern, western or southern border of distribution in
the territory of Serbia. These species are Balkan endemites, the most famous species are: Pinus
peuce - Molika, Achillea serbica, Dioscorea balcanica, Eryngium palmatum, Forsythia europaea,
Ramonda nathaliae, R. serbica and others. Subendemic species - Balkan subendemites are
widespread in our country, these are species whose inhabitants, except on the Balkan Peninsula, are
also found in the neighboring regions of Europe or Western Asia. These are Pinus heldreichii -
municia, Lamium garganicum, Achillea lingulata ...
3. Endemic plant species in Serbia
The Plantation Plant (Plantae) has some 350,000-400,000 different plant organisms, while some
more detailed population-demographic studies have listed about 500,000 higher plants
(cormoproteins, or more correctly, cormorants) and 50,000 species algae. In spite of these,
satisfactory, high values, a significantly smaller percentage is lost to the endemic, and more
importantly, and for concern, the same, it continues to decline and does not show the tendency of
more recent recovery and numerous improvements.
This was also the basic reason for the analysis of the problems related to the national endemic flora,
later, and fauna, because only by understanding the causes that contribute to the disappearance of
the endemic can their future future be predicted, and it can be improved, or, if nothing else, at least
the current number declared by the "positive" zero. We will achieve this by giving detailed
explanations of some of the recent 12 plants from the territory of Serbia, while they will be listed,
total, about, 49. Unfortunately, from this number we have to take 5 species that have already,
permanently and irreversibly disappeared from our territory , and we start processing the theme.
The treatment of the subject, first of all, starts from the species for which it is late to protect and
preserve the existence, because there are no more, and this has become man's arrogance and
carelessness for everything that does not have direct connections with it alone. This negligence cost
us 5 plants that we will never again be able to see them, and as things stand, they were not even
useless (weeds), and they may have had medicinal properties. We are starting with them in the
intention of warning future generations not to make the same mistakes of their ancestors, and not to
be greedy towards nature, but to nurture it, and to use it only as necessary, even within the
boundaries that do not disturb the settled streams of the biosphere.
We start from autochthonous varieties (varieties) of mares, Kragujevac and Vranjska, Vranjska,
Pancic widow and pea, and Moravian nut. The Kragujevac spleen (Althaea kragujevacensis
