BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA
REPUBLIKA SRPSKA
VISOKA ŠKOLA ZA EKONOMIJU I INFORMATIKU
PRIJEDOR
E
LEMENTARY
B
USINESS
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NGLISH
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ERM
P
APER
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RANSLATIO
Student:
Džamastagić Osman
05/16-JU- III
Mentor:
Mr.Edina Karabegović
2
Prijedor, juni 2018.god
10. PROGRAMMING COMPUTERS
Computer programming is a skill that is achieved in practice. Due to the increasing application of
computer knowledge and skills becomes a necessity. The program is a set of instructions (commands)
strictly in the order in lieu of the established, whose performance carries out the work on your computer.
The man who writes the program is called a programmer, and operation of the program is called
programming. Programming is writing a series of commands that make up the program. The move is a tight
bound for the programming language in which the program is written, and often for the hardware on which
the program is running.
INSTRUCTIONS
(COMMANDS). A set of machine instructions is not rich instruction as a living language. A
computer only has a limited number of well-defined, simple instructions. In general, the computer knows to perform
two tasks, can count and compare. Typical forms of instructions that many computers support are "copy the contents
of cell 123, and place a copy in cell 456", "add the contents of a cell and the cell 876 053 put the result in cell 017",
"If the cell contents 667 zero, your next instruction is at cell 146".
Instructions and data are represented in the computer in binary code that has a base 2 system are
numerous, in binary numerical system which only has two digits, 0 and 1. So, let's say, the statement
"copy" can be, for example, "001". A set of specific instructions particular computer recognizes and
supports, it is "performed" is called "machine language". In practice, people do not normally write the
instructions for computers directly in machine language than in the higher level programming language.
This program is written in machine language translations automatically with the help of special computer
programs-interpreter and compiler. Some programming languages are very similar to machine language,
such as Assembly and therefore belongs in lower-level programming languages. On the other hand,
languages such as Prolog, Fortran, C++, and many others, are based on abstract principles that do not have
any similarities with machine language. Such languages belong to the class of higher programming
languages.
10.1 Programming in machine language
Program remembered in memory computer consists of instructions that refer to as machine
instructions. As a rule, each machine instruction represents in one memory cell. In each of the two different
mechanical instruction works: the operating part and address part.
The operating section contains instructions about the operation that the ambiguous way specifies the
operation to be performed by the computer. Suppose that the memory of our imaginary computer has a cell
4
Image 10-1: Example program ideas with an address location
10.2 Symbolic programming language — Assembler
Program is usually written in symbolic language, and then translated into binary. Translation is
performed on the basis of unambiguous symbolic correspondences between the label and the accompanying
binary code individual instructions. Translation can be performed manually or developer for that routine
can use the computer. If it is a program with a few dozen or more instructions that work for the computer.
For this purpose there are special program for translation – assemblers, who each symbol is assigned a
specific binary code to the list of equivalencies they own.
Assembler is
program that the manufacturer supplied with your computer. He performs translation of
the symbolic forms of the binary and this statement by statement. The existence of the Assembly allows us
to write programs in a more symbolic form. Data is entered into the computer via the keyboard in
dekadnom form. The computer performs the encoding and they get encoded as a series of "0" and "1" in the
CPU (microprocessor). However, they cannot be processed immediately, but the first from code specific
algorithms translate (converted) in the corresponding binary value. Only then is the processing of these
data.
The results, which are values in binary form, you need to switch to the code-decode, then back to the
user. Binary encoding, so uniquely assign character from another system (the number, letter, sound, color,
position, etc.) a series of zeros and ones in a strictly prescribed sequence and schedule. Uniquely, means
that in this system, single character matches only one series of zeros and ones and vice versa.
Location
address
The instruction
0 .
Take 5
1 .
Considering the 6
2 .
Ready in 7
3 .
Print the contents of
the from 7
5 .
00001
6 .
00101
7 .
00000
5
Each computer (microprocessor) possesses a repertoire of basic instruction, and machine languages
differ from each other. There are a number of basic instructions that are common to more than one
computer.
A program written in machine language kompjjutera which has cells of 12 bits, where the first six bits
represent the operating section instructions, while the other six bits is the address portion of the instruction,
and side-by-side written in assembler, has the look like in the following picture. The address portion of the
instruction contains the address of the cell whose content is to be performed surgery a certain code
operation. Uppercase English letters we use to dekadne address switch symbolic; for example for a
symbolic address of 10 cells, that contains the value.
Machine
language
The symbolic
code
The name of the
operation
110000001010
LDA A
LoaD Accumulator
100000001011
ADD B
ADDition
101100001101
STA D
Store Accumulator
010000001100
SUB C
SUBtraction
000100001101
DIV D
DIVision
101100001101
STA D
Store Accumulator
000000000000
STP
SToP
In this way we translated earlier programs written in the language of computers into the symbolic
language of the Assembly. We have performed the one process in the reverse order than the one normally
does. Specifically, the program is written in Assembly, and then the same translations in the language of
computers. Translation is done using a computer program, I have to translate-translator program.
A translator
is a program written in the language of the computer that the computer program, to
programs written in Assembly or in another symbolic language translated into the language of computers.
The symbolic operation codes are translated into binary code, and dekadne or symbolic addresses in binary
cell address. The entire process is automatic.
Programming in Assembly has a major advantage over programming in machine language. Instructions
are much more compact, as the program makes it easier to see. Symbolic operation codes to their meaning,
they remind themselves of the operation. The symbolic addresses to relieve programmers worry about data
layout in memory cells, and its meaning can remind of the size of the formula.
Although asambler greatly simplifies programming, he is still oriented toward computer and thus
available only to a narrow circle of specialists. Programs written in asambleru difficult to modify for other
