Visoka poslovno tehnička škola
Smer: Informatika
Seminarski rad
Tema: Robots
Predmet: Engleski jezik II Student: M Dejan,M.Ilić
Profesor: Kovacević Ljiljana Broj indeksa 34/08,57/08
ROBOTS
Robotics is the engineering science and technology of robots, and their
design, manufacture, application, and structural disposition. Robotics is related to
electronics, mechanics, and software.
[1]
The word robot was introduced to the
public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal
Robots), published in 1920. The first recorded use of the term was by Isaac
Asimov in his 1941 science fiction short-story "Liar!"
[2]
F
ROM
THE
MIDDLE
OF
THE
80
S
the group around Rodney Brooks at the MIT
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, Mass. in particular therefore started
to intensively explore and experiment with another idea. 1990 and 1991 brought
a wide and sometimes quite provocative propagation of their new approach, the
core of which can be briefly formulated as follows:
”the world itself is its best
representation.” It is necessary to construct autonomous robotic systems so that
they are able to make the most effective use of this representation. They only
need to construct an internal representation of the real world in cases where we
know that it is necessary, and we only need to represent what we know is
necessary to represent. The results of the experiments were encouraging and
relatively flexibly published in a way understandable for the widest expert circles.
Autonomous robotic systems constructed on the basis of this doctrine mainly
work on the principle of
reactivity
-- thanks to the construction of their actuators
they directly react to what their sensors tell them about the state of the
environment in which they find themselves. From the point of view of their
architecture they are very
decentralised
systems. Each of their relatively
independent modules reacts in a certain way in certain situations. The
subsumption of modules is carefully set -- in the case that two modules might
react to the currently sensed state state of the environment at the same time, it
is stated which one ”has priority”, i. e. which one will actually react. Therefore, the
basic problem became that of how to secure the most suitable sensorium and the
most suitable actuators for autonomous robotic agents for concrete
environments, in which they will autonomously follow certain goals, and how to
subsume the individual modules from which these decentralised agents are
made in the most suitable way. The development of so-called
reactive robotics
had begun. Scientists said on Thursday they created a brainy, four-legged robot
resembling a starfish that can sense damage to its body and, on its own, think up
a way to recover.
It used this internal model of itself to figure out how to walk on
its four legs and eight motorized joints. "In the beginning, the robot starts off and
