Odlomak

Abstract

The policy linkage between environment and development is traced to variations in the relevant tradeoffs between countries and over periods of time. Emphasis is placed on the evaluation of the benefits and costs of industrialization, the discounting of future benefit and cost flows back to the present, and complementarity between environmental and development objectives where pollution is the product of poverty. Abrupt change in developing countries’ environmental policies can easily occur, and external assistance should be targeted where benefits and costs are most responsive without imposing conditions based on foreign value judgements. Politics play a large role in the legislation passed to protect the environment, whether to restrict the disposal of toxic wastes, to set acceptable levels of air pollution, to prohibit deforesting large areas, to encourage or discourage the building of nuclear power plants to generate energy or to regulate strip mining practices. The environmental sophistication of a country’s populace can also influence environmental policy development. Citizens who lobby their elected officials and stage demonstrations to protect natural resources are giving the message that the preservation of the environment is of definite concern to them.

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